Limb Abnormalities
Detailed evaluation of fetal hands and feet. Students will learn to identify abnormal postures such as clenched hands or rocker bottom feet, which are critical diagnostic markers for Trisomy 18 and other syndromes.
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1.
Which two aneuploidies are most commonly associated with fetal clubfoot detected on ultrasound?
2.
In a low-risk patient with an otherwise normal prenatal ultrasound, is fetal karyotyping recommended for isolated unilateral or bilateral clubfoot?
3.
What is the defining sonographic appearance of rocker-bottom foot, and how does it differ from clubfoot?
4.
Which chromosomal aneuploidies are most strongly associated with rocker-bottom foot?
5.
Clinodactyly is defined as inward deviation of which digit, and with which aneuploidy is it associated?
6.
Why is clinodactyly considered unsuitable as a standalone screening marker for aneuploidy?
7.
Sandal gap (wide space between the first and second toe) is associated with Down Syndrome. What limits its use as a primary screening marker?
8.
Radial aplasia — partial or complete absence of the radius — should trigger consideration for which aneuploidy?
9.
Persistent clenched hands with overlapping digits is a hallmark sign of which aneuploidy, and what additional condition may co-exist?
10.
Post-axial polydactyly involves an extra digit on which side of the hand or foot, and with which aneuploidy is it most commonly associated?